The query to get this is quite horrible:

SELECT CONCAT('*[[:{{subst:ns:', tracked.page_namespace, '}}:', tracked.page_title, ']]') FROM page AS tracked
JOIN categorylinks AS trackcat ON tracked.page_id=trackcat.cl_from

WHERE
(page_namespace=6 OR
page_namespace=14)
AND page_is_redirect=0
AND cl_to='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND NOT EXISTS(
SELECT * FROM categorylinks AS c1
JOIN page AS p1 ON c1.cl_to=p1.page_title

JOIN categorylinks AS c2 ON p1.page_id=c2.cl_from
JOIN page AS p2 ON c2.cl_to=p2.page_title

JOIN categorylinks AS c3 ON p2.page_id=c3.cl_from
JOIN page AS p3 ON c3.cl_to=p3.page_title

JOIN categorylinks AS c4 ON p3.page_id=c4.cl_from
JOIN page AS p4 ON c4.cl_to=p4.page_title

JOIN categorylinks AS c5 ON p4.page_id=c5.cl_from
JOIN page AS p5 ON c5.cl_to=p5.page_title

JOIN categorylinks AS c6 ON p5.page_id=c6.cl_from
JOIN page AS p6 ON c6.cl_to=p6.page_title

JOIN categorylinks AS c7 ON p6.page_id=c7.cl_from
JOIN page AS p7 ON c7.cl_to=p7.page_title

WHERE
tracked.page_id=c1.cl_from

AND NOT c1.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND NOT p1.page_title='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND p1.page_namespace=14
AND p1.page_is_redirect=0

AND NOT c2.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND NOT p2.page_title='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND p2.page_namespace=14
AND p2.page_is_redirect=0

AND NOT c3.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND NOT p3.page_title='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND p3.page_namespace=14
AND p3.page_is_redirect=0

AND NOT c4.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND NOT p4.page_title='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND p4.page_namespace=14
AND p4.page_is_redirect=0

AND NOT c5.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND NOT p5.page_title='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND p5.page_namespace=14
AND p5.page_is_redirect=0

AND NOT c6.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND NOT p6.page_title='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND p6.page_namespace=14
AND p6.page_is_redirect=0

AND NOT c7.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND NOT p7.page_title='Rijksmonumenten_with_known_IDs'
AND p7.page_namespace=14
AND p7.page_is_redirect=0

AND (c1.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten'
OR c2.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten'
OR c3.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten'
OR c4.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten'
OR c5.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten'
OR c6.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten'
OR c7.cl_to='Rijksmonumenten')

) /* ORDER BY tracked.page_namespace DESC, tracked.page_title ASC */
LIMIT 500;

I used this to create the report at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category_talk:Rijksmonumenten#Categories_not_in_the_tree